in soft soil areas, equal-length piles are often adopted in the retaining system. a decrease in the bending moment value borne by the retaining structure along the pile depth (below the excavation bottom), leads to an inadequate use of the pile bending capacity near the pile bottom. this paper presents retaining systems with long and short pile combinations, in which the long piles ensure integ...

Deep excavation supported by vertical retaining walls together with strutting system is commonly used in Singapore for the construction of underground infrastructure. In this paper, a series numerical scenarios simulated PLAXIS software are carried out to study influence different design parameters such as pre-auger loosening effect, embedded depth wall into stiff soil layer, and elastic modulu...

Engineering failure investigation is a detective process of determining why and how things went wrong. Forensic engineering can be defined as the application of the engineering sciences to the investigation of failures or other performance problems, with a focus on uncovering causes so that improved facilities can be engineered. The first stage in determining the failure causes is the investiga...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how public sector organizations become nimbler while retaining their resilience during digital transformation. Design/methodology/approach study adopts a hermeneutic approach in conducting deep expert interviews with 22 senior executives and managers multiple organizations. method blends theory views transformation the context enterprise informati...

Boshier, R., Mohapi, M., Moulton, G., Qayyum, A., Sadownik, L. & Wilson, M. (1997) ”Best and worst dressed web courses: Strutting into the 21st Century in comfort and style”, Distance Education, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 327-348. Daniel, J.S. & Marquis, C. (1977) ”Interaction and independence: Getting the mixture right”, Teaching at a Distance, 14, pp. 29-44. Kandlbinder, P. (1997) Writing objectives...

eart pressure problems are encountered in retaining walls, bulkheads, sheeting and bracing in cuts,culverts, tunnels, and cofferdams. in many cases, the lateral pressure is determined by use of classical earth pressure theories, such as coulomb's, where the equilibrium conditions of a failure wedge of soil is considered. excessive dynamic lateral earth pressure on retaining structures resu...

This paper explores some of the aspects of embedded retaining wall design, in particular the interrelationship between system uncertainty and the use of factors of safety in the various design procedures. System uncertainty reflects the mismatch between idealised retaining wall behaviour and what is observed in practice. This feature is modelled using the concept of fuzzy sets where the degree ...